1. I-Afrika ene-40% yamandla ombane elanga ehlabathini
I-Afrika idla ngokubizwa ngokuba “yi-Afrika eshushu”.Ilizwekazi lonke lihamba kwi-ikhweyitha.Ngaphandle kweendawo zemozulu zamahlathi emvula ahlala ixesha elide (amahlathi aseGuinea eNtshona Afrika kunye neninzi yeCongo Basin), iintlango zayo kunye neendawo ze-savannah zinkulu emhlabeni.Kwindawo yelifu, zininzi iintsuku ezinelanga kwaye ixesha lokukhanya kwelanga lide kakhulu.
Phakathi kwazo, ummandla weMpuma yeSahara kumntla-mpuma weAfrika udume ngerekhodi lehlabathi lokukhanya kwelanga.Lo mmandla ufumene owona mndilili wonyaka wokukhanya kwelanga, malunga neeyure ezingama-4,300 zokukhanya kwelanga ngonyaka, okulingana ne-97% yobude bexesha lokukhanya kwelanga.Ukongeza, ummandla ukwanowona myinge uphezulu wonyaka wemitha yelanga (elona xabiso liphezulu lirekhodiweyo lidlula i-220 kcal/cm²).
I-latitudes ephantsi yenye inzuzo yokuphuhliswa kwamandla elanga kwilizwekazi laseAfrika: ininzi yazo ifumaneka kwimimandla yetropiki, apho ubukhulu kunye nokukhanya kwelanga kuphezulu kakhulu.Emantla, emazantsi, nakwimpuma ye-Afrika, kukho iindawo ezininzi eziyimiqwebedu nebharhileyo nelanga elininzi, kwaye malunga nesibini kwisihlanu selizwekazi yintlango, ngoko ke imozulu enelanga isoloko ikhona.
Ukudityaniswa kwezi meko zejografi kunye nemozulu sisizathu sokuba iAfrika ibe namandla amakhulu elanga.Ixesha elide kangaka lokukhanya livumela eli lizwekazi ngaphandle kwesiseko esikhulu segridi ukuba likwazi ukusebenzisa umbane.
Xa iinkokeli kunye nabathetha-thethwano ngemozulu bedibene kwi-COP26 ekuqaleni kukaNovemba walo nyaka, umba wamandla ahlaziyekayo e-Afrika ube ngomnye wemixholo ebalulekileyo.Enyanisweni, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iAfrika ityebile kwimithombo yamandla elanga.Ngaphezu kwe-85% yelizwekazi ifumene i-2,000 kWh/(㎡unyaka).Ugcino lwamandla elanga lwethiyori luqikelelwa ukuba luzizigidi ezingama-60 ze-TWh/ngonyaka, lubalelwa kwitotali yehlabathi Phantse i-40%, kodwa ukuveliswa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kulo mmandla kwenza i-1% kuphela yetotali yehlabathi.
Ngoko ke, ukuze ungachithi izibonelelo zamandla elanga e-Afrika ngale ndlela, kubaluleke kakhulu ukutsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle.Okwangoku, iibhiliyoni zeemali zabucala kunye nezikarhulumente zilungele ukutyala imali kwilanga kunye nezinye iiprojekthi zamandla avuselelekayo e-Afrika.Oorhulumente baseAfrika kufuneka bazame konke okusemandleni abo ukuphelisa imiqobo ethile, enokuthi ishwankathelwe njengamaxabiso ombane, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neemali.
2. Imiqobo ekuphuhliseni i-photovoltaics e-Afrika
①Ixabiso eliphezulu
Iinkampani zaseAfrika zinezona ndleko ziphezulu zombane ehlabathini.Ukusukela oko kwasayinwa isiVumelwano saseParis kwiminyaka emithandathu eyadlulayo, ilizwekazi lase-Afrika kuphela kwengingqi apho isabelo samandla ahlaziyekayo kumxube wamandla sithe gingxi.Ngokwe-Arhente yezaMandla yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IEA), isabelo samandla ombane, isola kunye namandla omoya ekuveliseni umbane kweli lizwekazi sisengaphantsi kwama-20%.Ngenxa yoko, oku kwenze i-Afrika ixhomekeke ngakumbi kwimithombo yamandla efosili efana namalahle, igesi yendalo kunye nedizili ukuze ihlangabezane nemfuno yayo yombane ekhula ngokukhawuleza.Noko ke, kutshanje ixabiso lala mafutha liye laphindaphindeka kabini okanye laphindaphindeka kathathu, nto leyo ebangela ukucinezelwa kwamandla eAfrika.
Ukuze kubuyiselwe umva le ndlela yophuhliso ingazinzanga, injongo ye-Afrika kufuneka ibe kukuphinda kathathu utyalo-mali lwayo lonyaka kumandla anekhabhoni ephantsi ukuya kutsho ubuncinane be-US$60 yeebhiliyoni ngonyaka.Inxalenye enkulu yolu tyalo-mali iya kusetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ngezimali iiprojekthi ezinkulu zelanga.Kodwa kukwabalulekile ukutyala imali ekuhanjisweni ngokukhawuleza kokuveliswa kombane welanga kunye nokugcinwa kwecandelo labucala.Oorhulumente base-Afrika kufuneka bafunde kumava kunye nezifundo zoMzantsi Afrika ne-Egypt ukuze kube lula kwiinkampani ukutyala imali ekuveliseni amandla elanga ngokweemfuno zazo.
②Umqobo kumgaqo-nkqubo
Ngelishwa, ngaphandle kweKenya, iNigeria, iJiphutha, eMzantsi Afrika, njl.Kumazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika, ekuphela kwendlela yotyalo-mali lwelanga kunye neekontraka zabucala kukusayina isivumelwano sokuqeshisa okanye sokuqesha eyakho imvumelwano.Nangona kunjalo, njengoko sisazi, olu hlobo lwekhontrakthi apho umsebenzisi ahlawula khona izixhobo ayisosona sicwangciso silungileyo xa kuthelekiswa nekhontrakthi esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwihlabathi apho umthengi ahlawulela ukunikezelwa kwamandla.
Ukongeza, umqobo wesibini wolawulo lomgaqo-nkqubo othintela utyalo-mali lwelanga e-Afrika kukungabikho kwemitha yokulinganisa.Ngaphandle koMzantsi Afrika, iYiphutha kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi, akunakwenzeka ukuba abasebenzisi bamandla base-Afrika benze imali yombane othe chatha.Kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, abasebenzisi bamandla banokuvelisa umbane ngokusekelwe kwiikhontrakthi zokulinganisa i-net ezisayinwe neenkampani zasekhaya zokuhambisa umbane.Oku kuthetha ukuba ngamaxesha apho umthamo wokuvelisa umbane wesikhululo samandla esibanjwayo ungaphezulu kwemfuneko, njengaxa ulungiswa okanye iholide, abasebenzisi bamandla “banokuthengisa” amandla agqithisileyo kwinkampani yamandla yasekhaya.Ukungabikho kwemitha yemitha kuthetha ukuba abasebenzisi bamandla kufuneka bahlawule onke amandla elanga angasetyenziswanga, okunciphisa kakhulu ukukhanga kotyalo-mali lwelanga.
Umqobo wesithathu kutyalo-mali lwelanga yinkxaso-mali karhulumente yamaxabiso edizili.Nangona le nto ingaphantsi kunangaphambili, isachaphazela utyalo-mali lwamandla elanga aphesheya.Ngokomzekelo, ixabiso ledizili e-Egypt naseNigeria yi-US$0.5-0.6 ilitha nganye, nto leyo emalunga nesiqingatha sexabiso e-United States nase-China, kwaye ingaphantsi kwesinye kwisithathu sexabiso eYurophu.Ke ngoko, kuphela ngokuphelisa izibonelelo zefosili apho urhulumente angaqinisekisa ukuba iiprojekthi zelanga zikhuphisana ngokupheleleyo.Le yingxaki yezoqoqosho yelizwe eneneni.Ukunciphisa intlupheko kunye namaqela ahlelelekileyo kubemi kunokuba nefuthe elikhulu.
③Imiba yemali
Ekugqibeleni, imali nayo ingumba omkhulu.Ingakumbi xa amazwe aseAfrika efuna ukutsala izigidi zeerandi zotyalo-mali lwangaphandle, umba wemali awunakungahoywa.Abatyali-zimali bamazwe angaphandle kunye nabathathi-mali ngokuqhelekileyo abafuni ukuthatha umngcipheko wemali (abafuni ukusebenzisa imali yasekhaya).Kwezinye iimarike zemali ezifana neNigeria, Mozambique, neZimbabwe, ukufikelela kwiidola zaseMelika kuya kuthintelwa kakhulu.Enyanisweni, oku kuthintela ngokuphandle utyalo-mali lwaphesheya.Ngoko ke, imarike yemali ye-liquid kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokutshintshiselana kwangaphandle ozinzileyo kunye ocacileyo kubalulekile kumazwe afuna ukutsala abatyali-mali belanga.
3. Ikamva lamandla ahlaziyekayo e-Afrika
Ngokutsho kophando lwe-International Monetary Fund, abemi base-Afrika kulindeleke ukuba banyuke ukusuka kwi-1 yebhiliyoni ngo-2018 ukuya ngaphezu kwe-2 yezigidigidi ngo-2050. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imfuno yombane iya kwanda nge-3% minyaka yonke.Kodwa ngoku, eyona mithombo yamandla e-Afrika-amalahle, i-oyile kunye ne-biomass yendabuko (umthi, amalahle kunye nomgquba owomileyo), iya kulimaza kakhulu indalo kunye nempilo.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhubela phambili kobuchwepheshe bamandla ahlaziyekayo, imeko yejografi yelizwekazi lase-Afrika ngokwalo, ngakumbi ukuhla kweendleko, zonke zibonelela ngamathuba amakhulu ophuhliso lwamandla ahlaziyekayo e-Afrika kwixesha elizayo.
Umfanekiso ongezantsi ubonisa iindleko eziguqukayo zeendlela ezahlukeneyo zamandla ahlaziyekayo.Olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo kukuhla okubukhali kweendleko zamandla e-solar photovoltaic, eziye zehla nge-77% ukusuka ku-2010 ukuya ku-2018. Ukusalela emva kokuphuculwa kokufikeleleka kwamandla elanga kunxweme kunye nolwandle lwamandla omoya, eziye zafumana ukuhla okubalulekileyo kodwa okungekuko kakhulu kweendleko.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokunyuka kweendleko zokukhuphisana kwamandla omoya kunye namandla elanga, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ahlaziyekayo e-Afrika kusasele emva kwelizwe lonke: ngo-2018, amandla elanga kunye nomoya omoya kunye babalelwa kwi-3% yokuveliswa kombane e-Afrika, ngelixa lonke ihlabathi Ngaba 7%.
Kuyabonakala ukuba nangona kukho indawo eninzi yophuhliso lwamandla avuselelekayo e-Afrika, kubandakanywa i-photovoltaics, ngenxa yamaxabiso ombane aphezulu, izithintelo zomgaqo-nkqubo, iingxaki zemali kunye nezinye izizathu, iingxaki zotyalo-mali ziye zabangelwa, kwaye uphuhliso lwayo luye lwahlala. inqanaba eliphantsi.
Kwixesha elizayo, kungekuphela nje amandla elanga, kodwa kwezinye iinkqubo zophuhliso lwamandla avuselelekayo, ukuba ezi ngxaki azinakusonjululwa, i-Afrika iya kuhlala ikwisangqa esibi “sokusebenzisa amandla efosili abizayo kuphela kwaye iwele kubuhlwempu”.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-24-2021